Failure mode dependent shear strength of unreinforced concrete brick masonry wall panels

 INTRODUCTION

This section introduces the purpose and significance of the study, emphasizing the need to evaluate shear strength in unreinforced concrete brick masonry wall panels under diagonal compression.

EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM

Details the methodology, including the variables tested—specifically, the bed-joint mortar mixing ratio—and outlines the process of fabricating and testing thirty masonry wall panel specimens.

FAILURE MODES IDENTIFICATION

Describes the five observed failure modes in the tested panels: diagonal tension, combined failure, bed-joint sliding, toe crushing, and non-diagonal failure, explaining the characteristics of each.

SHEAR STRENGTH ANALYSI

Presents a detailed discussion on how shear strength varied with each identified failure mode and highlights the dependency of shear performance on the mode of failure.

COMPARATIVE EVALUATION WITH EXISTING CODES

Compares the experimental results with existing masonry design code provisions, particularly focusing on shear strength and shear modulus values.

PROPOSED DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on findings, this section suggests shear strength values for each failure mode and proposes a revised shear modulus (half the current code value) for unreinforced concrete brick masonry panels.

CONCLUSION

Summarizes key findings, reinforcing the impact of failure mode on shear strength and the implications of the proposed values for future masonry design standards.

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Changes in selenium bioavailability in selenium

INTRODUCTION
This study explores how differing irrigation regimes and organic amendments shape selenium (Se) behaviour in naturally Se‑rich paddy soils. By comparing continuous flooding (CF) with alternating wet‑dry (AWD) cycles and evaluating cotton‑straw biochar (BC) versus sheep manure (SM) at two dosage levels, the work seeks to clarify why Se sometimes remains locked in soil and how it can be mobilised for healthier rice production.

WATER‑MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
Switching from CF to AWD proved pivotal: periodic drainage not only elevated root‑surface iron‑plaque formation but also boosted rhizospheric affinity for Se. AWD further hastened the shift from weakly organic‑bound forms toward soluble and exchangeable fractions, creating a more plant‑available Se pool without relying solely on chemical inputs.

ORGANIC AMENDMENTS AND RATES
Amendment chemistry mattered. A modest 10 g kg⁻¹ SM dose maximised Se bioavailability—especially under AWD—while BC repeatedly suppressed it. Manure’s nutrient cocktail and labile carbon likely spurred reductive processes that free Se, whereas BC’s high sorption capacity and pH buffering may have locked Se into less accessible complexes.

SELENIUM BIOAVAILABILITY DYNAMICS
Increases in Fe(II) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) under SM applications promoted the dissolution of Se‑bearing compounds. AWD strengthened these effects by enhancing redox fluctuations that dissolve iron plaques, releasing adsorbed Se into soil solution where roots can take it up, thereby tying water management tightly to Se fate.

MICROBIAL COMMUNITY SHIFTS
Manure and flooding patterns reshaped bacterial assemblages: sulfur‑oxidising Thiobacillus and Se‑reducing Pseudarthrobacter showed strong positive correlations with bioavailable Se. These taxa likely mediate key redox transformations, underscoring that microbial‑driven chemistry—rather than simple geochemistry—governs Se mobilisation in paddy ecosystems.

IMPLICATIONS FOR AGRONOMIC PRACTICE
Pairing AWD irrigation with low‑rate sheep‑manure return offers a practical, eco‑friendly route to enrich rice Se content while minimising external fertiliser inputs. Understanding the synergistic roles of water regime, organic carbon supply, and microbially mediated redox cycling can guide precise nutrient‑fortification strategies for Se‑enriched rice without compromising soil health.

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Sustainable AAC Innovation: Hydration Mechanism Using Solid Wastes:

 

INTRODUCTION

The development of sustainable construction materials has led to growing interest in the use of autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) incorporating industrial by-products. This research investigates the effects of autoclaving parameters on AAC made from recycled concrete powder (RCP), calcium carbide slag (CCS), fly ash (FA), and phosphogypsum (PG). These materials offer environmental and economic advantages, aligning with the goals of green construction. Understanding how curing time impacts AAC’s properties is crucial to optimize its performance and durability in structural applications.

HYDRATION PRODUCT TRANSFORMATIONS
The hydration process during autoclaving plays a critical role in determining the mechanical strength of AAC. The study reveals that C-(A)-S-H phases gradually transform into tobermorite as the curing time increases. Tobermorite, especially in its fibrous form, enhances structural integrity. However, prolonged curing beyond 9 hours promotes the conversion to xonotlite, which can diminish strength, underlining the importance of precise curing time control.

PORE STRUCTURE EVOLUTION
Pore structure significantly influences the compressive strength of AAC. With increasing autoclaved curing time, the average pore size initially reduces, contributing to denser microstructure and higher strength. The formation of fine, fibrous tobermorite is key to this refinement. However, excessive curing results in coarsening of the pore network, partially reversing the gains made during earlier stages.

MICROSTRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION
Microstructural analysis using techniques such as SEM and XRD highlights morphological transitions in tobermorite from sheet-like to fibrous structures. These changes correlate with improvements in compressive strength and pore uniformity. Such insights are essential for tailoring AAC properties through controlled synthesis and can guide the formulation of future high-performance AAC materials.

MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE TRENDS
The compressive strength of AAC samples exhibited a significant increase with curing time up to 9 hours, peaking at 8.2 MPa. This corresponds to a 127.78% increase over the 1-hour strength value. Beyond 9 hours, the strength begins to decline due to mineralogical changes, emphasizing that an optimal autoclaving duration exists to balance hydration, densification, and crystal growth.

SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS STRATEGY
Incorporating solid waste materials like RCP, CCS, FA, and PG into AAC not only diverts waste from landfills but also contributes to the circular economy. This study demonstrates the feasibility of utilizing these materials to produce AAC with favorable mechanical properties, thereby advancing the application of low-carbon, sustainable building technologies.

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Bridge post-disaster rapid inspection using 3D point cloud

 

1. Introduction

With the rise in traffic volume globally, vehicle-bridge collisions have become increasingly common, posing severe safety risks and operational challenges for transportation infrastructure. These incidents demand prompt and accurate assessment of bridge damage to ensure structural integrity and guide emergency recovery operations. Traditional inspection methods are limited in their spatial resolution and efficiency, making it difficult to assess complex three-dimensional damage. This study proposes an innovative emergency inspection approach utilizing 3D laser scanning technology for rapid and accurate assessment following vehicle-bridge collisions.

2. Limitations of Traditional Damage Assessment Techniques

Conventional bridge inspection techniques, such as visual assessments or point-based measurements, fall short in capturing detailed 3D geometrical data of both the overall structure and localized damage. These limitations hinder a comprehensive understanding of the collision's impact and slow down the emergency response process. As bridge damage often involves deformation in multiple dimensions, a more robust and detailed data acquisition method is critical for real-time decision-making.

3. Application of 3D Laser Scanning Technology

3D laser scanning provides high-resolution spatial data with minimal time investment, revolutionizing the post-collision inspection landscape. This study utilized laser scanning to generate a complete digital model of the bridge, capturing precise geometrical deviations and surface anomalies. The scanning allowed for rapid spatial morphology identification of the bridge structure, ensuring that all deformations, displacements, and critical damage points were documented and analyzed in detail.

4. Case Study: Emergency Inspection Following a Vehicle-Bridge Collision

Using a real-world vehicle-bridge collision event, this research implemented the 3D laser scanning protocol to assess the extent of structural damage. The acquired point cloud data enabled accurate identification of anomalies in the main girder and main cable, including elevation deviations that indicated compromised load-bearing capacity. The detailed analysis highlighted structural risks and supported the decision to implement immediate reinforcement actions.

5. Damage Quantification and Structural Analysis

The study detailed quantifiable damage indicators, such as a 17.12° lateral deflection in the bridge hanger and a maximum cable clamp damage depth of 33.06 mm. These metrics, derived directly from the high-fidelity 3D scans, offered unprecedented precision in assessing damage severity. Such detailed information supports a more informed and prioritized approach to repair and replacement, which is critical in emergency recovery scenarios.

6. Future Implications for Bridge Management and Disaster Response

The integration of 3D laser scanning into post-disaster infrastructure inspection has far-reaching implications. Not only does it enable faster assessment and recovery, but it also enhances the long-term monitoring and resilience planning of bridge systems. This approach could be adapted into bridge management protocols, improving safety standards and preparedness for future collision events or natural disasters.

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Wallace Line and Biodiversity

 

The Wallace Line is concept in biogeography. It marks the distinct biodiversity found in Asia and Australia. This line was identified by Alfred Russel Wallace in the late 19th century. He observed a sharp contrast in species composition between these two regions. The Wallace Line runs between Bali and Lombok, extending north between Borneo and Sulawesi, and curves south of Mindanao. This geographical barrier has deep implications for the distribution of species.

Alfred Russel Wallace’s Observations

Wallace conducted extensive research over eight years. He noted a dramatic shift in animal species as he crossed the Wallace Line. On either side of the line, different organisms thrived. For instance, Australia is known for its marsupials, while Asia is home to a diverse range of mammals. Wallace’s observations laid the groundwork for modern biogeography.

Unique Biodiversity of Sulawesi

Sulawesi is particularly intriguing. It is home to species not found anywhere else, such as tarsiers and the anoa. Despite being close to Borneo, the island supports distinct flora and fauna. Wallace struggled to classify Sulawesi’s species. He recognised their affiliations with various regions, including Africa and India. This complexity raises questions about species migration and adaptation.

Geological History and Species Distribution

The distribution of species can be traced back to geological events. The Malay archipelago comprises over 25,000 islands. Wallace theorised that these islands were once connected to the Asian mainland. As they drifted apart, species evolved independently. This isolation led to the unique biodiversity observed. Australia’s separation from Antarctica also contributed to the current distribution of species.

Recent Discoveries and Climate Impact

Recent studies reveal new vital information about species relationships across the Wallace Line. Research involving 20,000 species indicated that tropical islands remained warmer than Australia. This climate allowed Asian species to migrate more easily to Australia. Conversely, Australian species faced challenges in moving to Asia due to climatic differences. The findings suggest that the Wallace Line is more complex than initially thought.

Conservation and Future Challenges

Understanding the Wallace Line is crucial for conservation efforts. The Indo-Malayan archipelago is experiencing high rates of habitat destruction. Knowledge of historical species distribution can inform strategies to protect biodiversity. Advanced technologies and modelling are enhancing our understanding of species movement. Experts suggest focusing on habitat preservation rather than redrawing biogeographical lines.





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Nitrogen Dioxide Pollution Impact on Crop Yield

 

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is air pollutant. It primarily arises from the combustion of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas. Road traffic is the main contributor to outdoor NO2 levels. This pollutant poses serious health risks and has detrimental effects on agriculture. Recent studies have revealed the extent of its impact on crop yields in India, particularly for wheat and rice.

Formation and Sources of Nitrogen Dioxide

Nitrogen dioxide forms when fossil fuels are burned at high temperatures. It is one of several nitrogen oxides (NOx) contributing to air pollution. Major sources include vehicle exhaust, industrial emissions, and coal-fired power plants. The combustion process releases NO2 into the atmosphere, where it can persist and affect air quality.

Health Impacts of Nitrogen Dioxide

Exposure to nitrogen dioxide can lead to various respiratory issues. It causes inflammation of the airways, worsens cough and wheezing, and reduces lung function. Vulnerable populations, such as children and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions, are at an increased risk of asthma attacks and other health complications.

Agricultural Consequences

Recent research indicates that NO2 emissions impact agricultural productivity in India. The study found that nitrogen dioxide from coal power stations contributes to a decline in wheat and rice yields. Estimates suggest that crop losses due to NO2 could amount to nearly a billion dollars annually. This is critical for India’s food security, as wheat and rice are staple crops.

Statistical from Research

The Stanford study utilised a statistical model to analyse the relationship between NO2 levels and crop yields. It examined data from 144 power stations and satellite measurements of NO2 concentrations. The findings revealed that coal power plants affect NO2 levels up to 100 kilometres away from their location. This geographical influence marks the widespread impact of emissions on agriculture.

Mitigation Strategies

To address NO2 emissions, several mitigation strategies can be implemented. Effective range hoods that vent outdoors can reduce indoor NO2 levels. Proper ventilation during cooking and the use of alternative cooking appliances, such as electric and induction stoves, can further minimise emissions. Regulatory measures targeting coal-fired power plants are essential for reducing agricultural losses and health risks.

Economic Implications


The economic analysis within the study suggests that eliminating NO2 emissions from coal power stations could boost agricultural output. By reducing emissions during critical growing seasons, the value of rice and wheat production could increase by approximately $420 million and $400 million per year, respectively.







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Extremely Large Telescope Threatened by Energy Project in Chile

 

The Atacama Desert in northern Chile is renowned for its exceptional conditions for astronomical observation. Its clear, dark skies have attracted multiple world-class observatories. However, a proposed green energy megaproject threatens to disrupt these conditions. This project, backed by AES Andes, aims to construct an extensive energy infrastructure for hydrogen and green ammonia production. Its proximity to the Paranal Observatory, home to the European Southern Observatory’s Extremely Large Telescope, poses risks to astronomical research.

Importance of the Atacama Desert for Astronomy

The Atacama Desert is considered one of the best locations on Earth for astronomical studies.
Its high altitude and minimal light pollution provide ideal conditions.
The Paranal Observatory is a key facility in this region, which has become a hub for nearly 40% of the world’s ground-based astronomy.
The area is expected to increase this capacity to 60% within the next decade.

The Extremely Large Telescope (ELT)

The Extremely Large Telescope is a $1.5 billion project under construction.
It features a primary mirror nearly 40 meters in diameter.
The ELT aims to revolutionise our understanding of the universe, including dark energy and exoplanet imaging.
Its location on Cerro Armazones is crucial for maintaining optimal observational conditions.

The INNA Project

The Integrated Energy Infrastructure Project for the Generation of Hydrogen and Green Ammonia, or INNA, is a $10 billion initiative.
It plans to utilise over 3,000 hectares of land.
Concerns arise as parts of the project may be as close as five kilometres to the Paranal Observatory.
This proximity could result in detrimental effects on astronomical observations.

Risks to Astronomical Observations

ESO officials warn that the INNA project could lead to increased dust emissions and light pollution. These factors may severely compromise the telescope’s capabilities. A study brought into light that Paranal is the darkest site among 28 major observatories globally. The potential light pollution from the INNA project could irreparably impact the pristine night skies essential for astronomical research.

Future of Ground-Based Astronomy

The ongoing developments in the Atacama Desert are critical for future astronomical discoveries. The ELT and other advanced telescopes are expected to contribute to our understanding of the universe. Any disruption caused by the INNA project could limit access to key areas of exploration. This would hinder the scientific advancements that the ELT is poised to deliver.









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