International Research Award on Civil and Environmental Engineering

  Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is air pollutant. It primarily arises from the combustion of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas. Road traffic is the main contributor to outdoor NO2 levels. This pollutant poses serious health risks and has detrimental effects on agriculture. Recent studies have revealed the extent of its impact on crop yields in India, particularly for wheat and rice. Formation and Sources of Nitrogen Dioxide Nitrogen dioxide forms when fossil fuels are burned at high temperatures. It is one of several nitrogen oxides (NOx) contributing to air pollution. Major sources include vehicle exhaust, industrial emissions, and coal-fired power plants. The combustion process releases NO2 into the atmosphere, where it can persist and affect air quality. Health Impacts of Nitrogen Dioxide Exposure to nitrogen dioxide can lead to various respiratory issues. It causes inflammation of the airways, worsens cough and wheezing, and reduces lung function. Vulnerable populations,...

  The Atacama Desert in northern Chile is renowned for its exceptional conditions for astronomical observation. Its clear, dark skies have attracted multiple world-class observatories. However, a proposed green energy megaproject threatens to disrupt these conditions. This project, backed by AES Andes, aims to construct an extensive energy infrastructure for hydrogen and green ammonia production. Its proximity to the Paranal Observatory, home to the European Southern Observatory’s Extremely Large Telescope, poses risks to astronomical research. Importance of the Atacama Desert for Astronomy The Atacama Desert is considered one of the best locations on Earth for astronomical studies. Its high altitude and minimal light pollution provide ideal conditions. The Paranal Observatory is a key facility in this region, which has become a hub for nearly 40% of the world’s ground-based astronomy. The area is expected to increase this capacity to 60% within the next decade. The Extremely Large...