Sustainable Civil Engineering Applications of Non-Metallic Fractions of Waste Printed Circuit Boards

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The rapid growth of electronic waste has intensified the environmental burden associated with improper disposal of waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs). In particular, non-metallic fractions of WPCBs (NMF-WPCBs) are frequently discarded or incinerated due to their complex composition, leading to secondary pollution and resource loss. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the potential for incorporating NMF-WPCBs into sustainable civil engineering materials as an effective strategy for waste valorization and environmental protection.

Composition and Characteristics of NMF-WPCBs

NMF-WPCBs consist of a multiscale composite of polymers, glass fibers, and residual fillers, which collectively influence their mechanical, chemical, and thermal behavior. Understanding these characteristics is fundamental for evaluating their compatibility with construction materials. The review examines the microstructural features and material properties that govern performance when NMF-WPCBs are integrated into cementitious and asphalt-based systems.

Enhancement Methods and Theoretical Foundations

Various enhancement and modification methods are reviewed to improve the interfacial bonding and dispersion of NMF-WPCBs in construction matrices. Theoretical frameworks suggest that NMF-WPCBs can accelerate pozzolanic reactions, inhibit alkali–silica reactions, promote microstructural densification, and restrict crack initiation and propagation. These mechanisms form the scientific basis for performance enhancement in civil engineering applications.

Feasibility, Processability, and Environmental Safety

The feasibility analysis addresses processability, economic viability, durability, and toxicity concerns associated with NMF-WPCBs. Evaluations of mixing behavior, long-term performance, and potential leaching effects indicate that, when properly treated, NMF-WPCBs can be safely and effectively used in construction materials. These considerations are critical for large-scale implementation and regulatory acceptance.

Performance in Cementitious and Road Materials

Experimental findings demonstrate that NMF-WPCBs can enhance strength, toughness, and durability in organic cementitious materials. In inorganic road materials, their incorporation improves pavement performance, aging resistance, and crack resistance. These results highlight the versatility of NMF-WPCBs across different civil engineering material systems.

Role in Carbon Reduction and Sustainable Development

In the context of global carbon reduction goals, NMF-WPCB-based construction materials offer significant environmental, economic, and industrial benefits. By recycling electronic waste into value-added civil engineering applications, these materials contribute to circular economy practices and sustainable infrastructure development. The review positions NMF-WPCBs as a promising core component in advancing future-oriented, low-carbon civil engineering solutions.

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#CarbonReduction
#WasteValorization
#EcoFriendlyMaterials
#ConstructionInnovation
#EnvironmentalEngineering
#MaterialRecycling
#LowCarbonInfrastructure
#SustainableMaterials
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