Phosphate Biomineralisation for Sustainable Biocementation in Civil and Geoenvironmental Engineering

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Over the past two decades, biocementation has emerged as a promising technique for ground improvement, crack healing, and the restoration of building materials and heritage stones. Most existing research has focused on calcite-based biocements produced through urea-hydrolysis pathways. However, the generation of ammonia by-products and limited durability in acidic environments restrict the large-scale and sustainable application of these methods. This review introduces phosphate biomineralisation as a novel and environmentally favorable alternative.

Limitations of Conventional Calcite-Based Biocementation

Microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) and enzymatically induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) rely heavily on urea hydrolysis, which produces ammonia that must be treated or removed. This not only increases environmental risk but also raises operational costs. Additionally, carbonate-based biocements exhibit reduced durability under acidic conditions, limiting their applicability in aggressive soil and environmental settings.

Phosphate Biomineralisation Mechanisms

Phosphate biomineralisation represents an alternative biocementation pathway that avoids ammonia generation. This review examines both microbially induced phosphate precipitation (MIPP) and enzymatically induced phosphate precipitation (EIPP), detailing their biochemical mechanisms, reaction pathways, and mineral formation processes. These mechanisms offer improved chemical stability and environmental compatibility compared to carbonate-based systems.

Applications in Ground Improvement and Soil Stabilisation

Phosphate-based biocements show strong potential for ground improvement, including soil stabilisation and remediation. Their ability to form durable mineral bonds enhances soil strength, reduces permeability, and improves resistance to chemical degradation. These properties make phosphate biomineralisation particularly suitable for challenging geoenvironmental conditions.

Construction Materials and Heritage Conservation

Beyond geotechnical applications, phosphate biocements have promising uses in construction materials and the conservation of heritage stones. Their improved resistance to acidic environments and compatibility with existing materials enable effective crack healing and surface consolidation without compromising material integrity or historical value.

Environmental Sustainability and Future Potential

Phosphate biocementation offers several environmental advantages, including low pH sensitivity, absence of harmful by-products, and alignment with green chemistry principles. Its potential contribution to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals further supports its viability as a sustainable material. Continued research and development are essential to fully realize the potential of phosphate biomineralisation in civil and geoenvironmental engineering.

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#MicrobialEngineering
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#Biominerals
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